Location and Historical Background
Geographic Setting and First Impressions
Biarritz lies on the Atlantic coast in southwestern France, in the Basque Country near the Spanish border. The landscape is dramatic: powerful ocean waves, rugged cliffs, wide beaches, and green hills rolling inland toward the Pyrenees. Today, Biarritz feels energetic and open, shaped by wind, salt, and a constant dialogue with the sea.
Origins and Early History
Biarritz began as a small Basque whaling and fishing village in the Middle Ages. For centuries, its people lived directly from the ocean, developing strong maritime traditions. Legend says local sailors could read the sea like a language, knowing when to fish and when to stay ashore. Until the 19th century, Biarritz remained modest, isolated, and entirely focused on survival.
The Three Greatest Blows to Biarritz
1. Decline of Whaling (17th–18th Centuries)
Whaling, once central to Biarritz’s economy, gradually disappeared as whale populations declined and trade routes shifted. The loss of this industry caused economic hardship and forced the town to search for a new identity.
2. World War II Occupation (1940–1944)
Biarritz was occupied by German forces during World War II. The coastline was fortified as part of the Atlantic Wall, beaches were restricted, and daily life was heavily controlled. Tourism collapsed, and fear replaced leisure.
3. Seasonal Tourism Pressure (Late 20th–21st Century)
While not a single disaster, mass tourism placed strain on housing, infrastructure, and local culture. Balancing global popularity with local life became one of Biarritz’s modern challenges.
The Golden Age of Biarritz
Biarritz’s golden age arrived in the mid-19th century when Empress Eugénie, wife of Napoleon III, chose it as her seaside residence. European aristocracy followed, transforming the town into a fashionable resort. Grand hotels, villas, and promenades appeared, redefining Biarritz as a destination of luxury, health, and leisure.
Why Biarritz Is Worth Visiting Today
Biarritz today is dynamic and confident. It offers world-class surfing, refined Basque cuisine, coastal walks, and a relaxed but cosmopolitan atmosphere. Visitors can move from a surf session to a gourmet dinner without changing cities – or attitudes. Biarritz feels active rather than decorative, a place where lifestyle matters as much as scenery.
Tourist Information and Key Attractions
Practical Tourist Costs (Estimated Averages)
- Average lunch: 14–18 EUR
- Average dinner: 22–32 EUR
- Hotel (mid-range, double room): 110–180 EUR per night
- Beer (0.5 l): 6–8 EUR
- Coffee (espresso): 2.5–4 EUR
Most Interesting Areas of the City
The Grande Plage, Port des Pêcheurs, Les Halles district, and the coastal cliffs offer the most engaging experiences for visitors.
Three Must-See Attractions
Grande Plage
The main beach of Biarritz, framed by historic hotels and powerful Atlantic waves. Elegant, energetic, and central to city life.
Rocher de la Vierge
A dramatic rock formation connected by a footbridge, offering panoramic ocean views. It perfectly captures Biarritz’s relationship with the sea.
Biarritz Surf Culture
Not a single monument, but a living attraction. Surf schools, competitions, and a strong surf identity make Biarritz Europe’s most iconic surf city.
Final Summary
Biarritz proves that refinement does not have to be calm and that adventure can be stylish. It traded harpoons for surfboards and never looked back. If the Atlantic had a dress code, Biarritz would define it.